Some English grammars

The verb to
be

Possessive
adjectives

Example: My sister"s name"s
Laura.

Have to/Has
to

"Have to" and "has to" are used for
obligation.

Subject + have to + verb in simple
form.

Pronoun + has to + verb in simple
form.

"There is" and "there
are"

There is: "hay"… is use to say that
someone or something is there. (Its contraction is
"There"s")

There is a chair in the
classroom.

There are: is use to say that [a lot] of
thing or people s there. (Doesn"t have contraction)

There are twenty people.

There is/are Negative form.

There is not (complete form). There isn"t
(short form).

There are not (complete form). There aren"t
(short form).

It"s to say the inexistence of thing or
people.

There is/are Question.

Is there a book? Yes, there is/No, there
isn"t.

Are there books? Yes, there are/No, there
aren"t.

Present simple.

Use the Simple Present to express the idea
that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a
hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often
happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or
usually does not do.

Subject pronoun + verbs in simple form +
complement.

You watch science fiction.

Verbs in 3rd person.

There are some especial cases such as if
the verb ends with:

"SS", "SH", "CH", "O" and "X" you add ES at
the end of the verb for example:

KissES

WatchES

If the verbs end with "Y" after consonant
you need to… change the "Y" to "I" and add
"es".

For example: Study Studies

General rule: Is add the "S": Love
Loves

Present simple (negative).

Subject pronoun + don"t/doesn"t
(contraction form) do not/ does not (complete form) + VSF *
complement.

You don"t watch science fiction.

Present simple…yes/no
questions.

Auxiliary (Do/Does) + subject pronoun +
V.S.F. + complement +?

Grammar point:
Can/Can"t for ability

Affirmative structure:

Subject pronoun + aux. can + V.S.F. +
complement.

I can swim every day.

Negative structure:

Subject pronoun + aux. can"t + V.S.F. +
complement. (Complete form: Cannot)

I can"t swim every day.

Present
continuous

Is use to talk about actions in progress
now.

Affirmative structure:

Subject pronoun + verb to be + verb in ing
+ complement.

They are making pizza.

Rules:

Basic: Just add "ing" to the base
verb.

Work-working

Exception 1: If the base verb end in
consonant + vowel + consonant or stressed vowel double the last
letter.

Stop-stopping

Exception 2: If the verbs ends in "ie"
change the ie to "y".

Lie-lying

Exception 3: If the verbs ends in vowel +
consonant + e omit the e and add ing.

Come-coming.

Negative structure:

Subject pronoun + verb to be in negative +
verb ing + complement.

She isn"t making pizza.

Question structure:

Verb to be + subject pronoun + verb ing +
complement + ?

Is she making pizza? Yes, she is/No, she
isn"t.

Comparatives

Para comparar a dos o más personas,
lugares o cosas con la forma comparativa las reglas
son:

-Agregar "er" a los adjetivos de una
sílaba y algunas de 2 sílabas.

Smaller Quieter

-Pon la palabra more o less antes del
adjetivo. Por lo general son de dos sílabas.

Beautiful-more beautiful.

-Para los adjetivos de una sílaba y
dos sílabas que terminan con "y" cambiala por una i y
agrega er.

Easy-easier

-Irregular adjetives

Good-better

Bad-worse

Far-farther

Como usar los comparativos:

The sofas are cheaper than the
chair.

My best friend is more beautiful than your
friend.

Coparing with equality form we
use:

As + adjective in simple form +
as.

Brad is as tall as Jennifer.

For negative.

Just change the verb to be in
negative.

Brad isn"t as tall as Jennifer.

Superlatives

Se usan para comparar tres o más
persona, lugares o cosas.

Rules.

-Pon el artículo "the2 antes del
adjetivo y agregar "est" a los adjetivos de una sílaba y
algunos de dos sílabas.

Cheap-the cheapest.

-Pon la palabra "the most" o "the least"
antes de los adjetivos de dos o más
sílabas.

Beautiful-the most beautiful.

Expensive-the least expensive.

-Para los adjetivos de una o dos
síalbas que terminan en "y" cambia por "i" así como
agregar "est2.

Happy-Happiest.

4 Irregulars.

Good-the best.

Bad-the worst.

Far-the farthest.

Exmaples:

The blouse is the cheapest
blouse.

He buys the most beautiful but the least
expensive tie.

The happiest person has the biggest
smile.

Ortografía
del pasado regular

• a) A los verbos que terminan en
  "e" se les agrega un "-d" para formar el pasado.

Phone phoned

Smile smiled

Agree agreed

Die died

Lie lied

• b) A los verbos que no terminan en
  "e" se les añade "-ed".

Ask asked

Clean cleaned

• c) Los verbos que tiene una sola
  vocal y que van seguidos de una sola consonante se le duplica
  la consonante.

Beg begged

Rub rubbed

• d) Los verbos de dos
  sílabas y la última sílaba tiene una
  sola vocal acentuada se le duplica consonante.

Prêfer preferred

Rêfer referred

• e) Cuando el verbo termina en "y"
  cambia a "i" y se agrega "ed".

Carry carried

Fly Flied.

Verb to be in
past was/were

Affirmative structure:

Subject pronoun + verb to be in past +
complement.

He was a teacher.

They were students.

Negative structure:

Subject pronoun + verb to be in negative
(wasn"t/weren"t) + complement.

He wasn"t a teacher.

They weren"t students.

Yes/No questions:

Verb to be + subject pronoun + complement +
?

Was he a teacher?

Were they students?

Simple past tense.

Subject pronoun + verb in past +
complement.

I came to Las Vegas the last
year.

They went to the party last
night.

Adverbs of manner.

Some adverbs tell us how an action is or
should be performed.

Often these adverbs are performed
by.

-Adding "–ly" to the end of the
adjective.

-Adjectives ending "-l" add "ly"
(careful-carefully).

-Adjectives ending "-y" change to "ily"
(lucky-luckily).

-Adjectives ending "-ble" change to "bly"
(responsible-responsibly).

Auxiliary
DID

Is use to talk about the simple past in
negative and question. It doesn"t have a meaning because is an
auxiliary. NOTE: When you use the auxiliary does not use the verb
in past, it always have to be in simple form (V.S.F.).

Negative structure:

Subject pronoun + didn"t + V.S.F. +
complement.

I didn"t let you speak in
spanish.

Question structure:

Auxiliary did + subject pronoun + V.S.F. +
complement +?

Dis I let you speak in spanish?

Short answers:

Yes, you did/No, you didn"t.

Modal auxiliary
Could

Meaning: Pude, pudiste, podía,
podías, podría, podrías.

Affirmative structure:

Subject pronoun + aux. Could + V.S.F. +
complement.

I could take a taxi.

Negative structure:

Subject pronoun + couldn"t + V.S.F. +
complement.

I couldn"t sleep last night.

Question structure:

Could + subject pronoun + V.S.F. +
complement +?

Could you sleep last night? Yes, I
could/No, I couldn"t.

Wh-question structure with
could:

Wh questions + could + subject pronoun +
V.S.F. + complement +?

What, Why, How, Who, where,
When…could I do tomorrow? / Why couldn"t I
sleep?

Autor:

Rosendo Rodolfo Sanchez
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