Hepatitis C: patogenicidad, tratamientos y vacunas (página 3)

Elliot, L. N., A. R. Lloyd, J. B. Ziegler,
and R. A. Ffrench. 2006. Protective immunity against hepatitis C
virus
infection. Immunol.Cell Biol. 84:239-249.

Encke, J., J. Findeklee, J. Geib, E. Pfaff,
and W. Stremmel. 2005. Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination
with dendritic cells against hepatitis C virus infection.
Clin.Exp.Immunol. 142:362-369.

Enomoto, N., I. Sakuma, Y. Asahina, M.
Kurosaki, T. Murakami, C. Yamamoto, Y. Ogura, N. Izumi, F.
Marumo, and C. Sato. 1996. Mutations in the nonstructural protein
5A gene and response to interferon in patients with chronic
hepatitis C virus 1b infection. N.Engl.J.Med.
334:77-81.

Enomoto, N., M. Kurosaki, K. Koizumi, Y.
Asahina, I. Sakuma, T. Murakami, C. Yamamoto, F. Marumo, and C.
Sato. 1994. [Fluctuation of HCV quasi-species
population during interferon therapy; analysis by single strand
conformation polymorphism]. Nippon Rinsho
52:1707-1715.

Eren, R., D. Landstein, D. Terkieltaub, O.
Nussbaum, A. Zauberman, J. Ben Porath, J. Gopher, R. Buchnick, R.
Kovjazin, Z. Rosenthal-Galili, S. Aviel, E. Ilan, Y. Shoshany, L.
Neville, T. Waisman, O. Ben Moshe, A. Kischitsky, S. K. Foung, Z.
Y. Keck, O. Pappo, A. Eid, O. Jurim, G. Zamir, E. Galun, and S.
Dagan. 2006. Preclinical evaluation of two neutralizing human
monoclonal antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV): a
potential treatment to prevent HCV reinfection in liver
transplant patients. J Virol 80:2654-2664.

Erickson, A. L., Y. Kimura, S. Igarashi, J.
Eichelberger, M. Houghton, J. Sidney, D. McKinney, A. Sette, A.
L. Hughes, and C. M. Walker. 2001. The outcome of hepatitis C
virus infection is predicted by escape mutations in epitopes
targeted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity.
15:883-895.

Esser, M. T., R. D. Marchese, L. S.
Kierstead, L. G. Tussey, F. Wang, N. Chirmule, and M. W.
Washabaugh. 2003. Memory T cells and vaccines. Vaccine
21:419-430.

Esumi, M., T. Rikihisa, S. Nishimura, J.
Goto, K. Mizuno, Y. H. Zhou, and T. Shikata. 1999. Experimental
vaccine activities of recombinant E1 and E2 glycoproteins and
hypervariable region 1 peptides of hepatitis C virus in
chimpanzees. Arch.Virol. 144:973-980.

Fan, X. G., F. Q. Tang, H. Yi, W. E. Liu,
M. Houghton, and G. L. Hu. 2000. Effect of IL-12 on T-cell immune
responses in patients with chronic HCV infection.
APMIS 108:531-538.

Farci, P., H. J. Alter, D. C. Wong, R. H.
Miller, S. Govindarajan, R. Engle, M. Shapiro, and R. H. Purcell.
1994. Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees
after antibody-mediated in vitro neutralization.
Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A 91:7792-7796.

Farci, P., H. J. Alter, D. Wong, R. H.
Miller, J. W. Shih, B. Jett, and R. H. Purcell. 1991. A long-term
study of hepatitis C virus replication in non-A, non-B hepatitis.
N.Engl.J.Med. 325:98-104.

Firbas, C., B. Jilma, E. Tauber, V.
Buerger, S. Jelovcan, K. Lingnau, M. Buschle, J. Frisch, and C.
S. Klade. 2006. Immunogenicity and safety of a novel therapeutic
hepatitis C virus (HCV) peptide vaccine: a randomized, placebo
controlled trial for dose optimization in 128 healthy subjects.
Vaccine 24:4343-4353.

Forton, D. M., H. C. Thomas, and S. D.
Taylor-Robinson. 2004. Central nervous system
involvement in hepatitis C virus infection. Metab Brain Dis.
19:383-391.

Gerlach, J. T., H. M. Diepolder, M. C.
Jung, N. H. Gruener, W. W. Schraut, R. Zachoval, R. Hoffmann, C.
A. Schirren, T. Santantonio, and G. R. Pape. 1999. Recurrence of
hepatitis C virus after loss of virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell
response in acute hepatitis C. Gastroenterology
117:933-941.

Gerotto, M., F. Dal Pero, G. Bortoletto, A.
Ferrari, R. Pistis, G. Sebastiani, S. Fagiuoli, S. Realdon, and
A. Alberti. 2006. Hepatitis C minimal residual
viremia (MRV) detected by TMA at the end of Peg-IFN plus
ribavirin therapy predicts post-treatment relapse. J.Hepatol.
44:83-87.

Gish, R. G. 2006. Treating HCV with
ribavirin analogues and ribavirin-like molecules.
J.Antimicrob.Chemother. 57:8-13.

Gonzalez-Peralta, R. P. and J. Y. Lau.
1995. Pathogenesis of hepatocellular damage in chronic hepatitis
C virus infection. Semin.Gastrointest.Dis. 6:28-34.

Goto, J., S. Nishimura, M. Esumi, K.
Makizumi, T. Rikihisa, T. Nishihara, K. Mizuno, Y. Zhou, T.
Shikata, S. Fujiyama, and K. Tomita. 2001. Prevention of
hepatitis C virus infection in a chimpanzee by vaccination and
epitope mapping of antiserum directed against hypervariable
region 1. Hepatol.Res. 19:270-283.

Grabowska, A. M., F. Lechner, P. Klenerman,
P. J. Tighe, S. Ryder, J. K. Ball, B. J. Thomson, W. L. Irving,
and R. A. Robins. 2001. Direct ex vivo comparison of the breadth
and specificity of the T cells in the liver and peripheral blood
of patients with chronic HCV infection. Eur.J Immunol
31:2388-2394.

Gramenzi, A., P. Andreone, E. Loggi, F. G.
Foschi, C. Cursaro, M. Margotti, M. Biselli, and M. Bernardi.
2005. Cytokine profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from
patients with different outcomes of hepatitis C virus infection.
J Viral Hepat. 12:525-530.

Gruner, T. Santantonio, J. Reichen, G. R.
Pape, and A. Cerny. 2000. Vigorous peripheral blood cytotoxic T
cell response during the acute phase of hepatitis C virus
infection. Cell Immunol. 203:111-123.

Ha, S. J., D. J. Kim, K. H. Baek, Y. D.
Yun, and Y. C. Sung. 2004. IL-23 induces stronger sustained CTL
and Th1 immune responses than IL-12 in hepatitis C virus envelope
protein 2 DNA immunization. J Immunol 172:525-531.

Haller, A. A., G. M. Lauer, T. H. King, C.
Kemmler, V. Fiolkoski, Y. Lu, D. Bellgrau, T. C. Rodell, D.
Apelian, A. Franzusoff, and R. C. Duke. 2007. Whole recombinant
yeast-based immunotherapy induces potent T cell responses
targeting HCV NS3 and Core proteins. Vaccine
25:1452-1463.

Heathcote, E. J., M. L. Shiffman, W. G.
Cooksley, G. M. Dusheiko, S. S. Lee, L. Balart, R. Reindollar, R.
K. Reddy, T. L. Wright, A. Lin, J. Hoffman, and J. De Pamphilis.
2000. Peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic hepatitis C
and cirrhosis. N.Engl.J.Med. 343:1673-1680.

Herrine, S. K., R. S. Brown, Jr., D. E.
Bernstein, M. S. Ondovik, E. Lentz, and H. Te. 2005.
Peginterferon alpha-2a combination therapies in chronic hepatitis
C patients who relapsed after or had a viral breakthrough on
therapy with standard interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin: a pilot
study of efficacy and safety. Dig.Dis.Sci. 50:719-726.

Hinrichsen, H., Y. Benhamou, H. Wedemeyer,
M. Reiser, R. E. Sentjens, J. L. Calleja, X. Forns, A. Erhardt,
J. Cronlein, R. L. Chaves, C. L. Yong, G. Nehmiz, and G. G.
Steinmann. 2004. Short-term antiviral efficacy of BILN 2061, a
hepatitis C virus serine protease inhibitor, in hepatitis C
genotype 1 patients. Gastroenterology 127:1347-1355.

Hoofnagle, J. H. 2002. Course and outcome
of hepatitis C. Hepatology 36:S21-S29.

Horsmans, Y., T. Berg, J. P. Desager, T.
Mueller, E. Schott, S. P. Fletcher, K. R. Steffy, L. A. Bauman,
B. M. Kerr, and D. R. Averett. 2005. Isatoribine, an agonist of
TLR7, reduces plasma virus concentration in chronic hepatitis C
infection. Hepatology 42:724-731.

Isaguliants, M. G., N. V. Petrakova, V. V.
Mokhonov, K. Pokrovskaya, Y. G. Suzdaltzeva, A. V. Krivonos, A.
D. Zaberezhny, M. M. Garaev, V. D. Smirnov, and E. Nordenfelt.
2003. DNA immunization efficiently targets conserved functional
domains of protease and ATPase/helicase of nonstructural 3
protein (NS3) of human hepatitis C virus. Immunol Lett.
88:1-13.

Ishii, K., D. Rosa, Y. Watanabe, T.
Katayama, H. Harada, C. Wyatt, K. Kiyosawa, H. Aizaki, Y.
Matsuura, M. Houghton, S. Abrignani, and T. Miyamura. 1998. High
titers of antibodies inhibiting the binding of envelope to human
cells correlate with natural resolution of chronic hepatitis C.
Hepatology 28:1117-1120.

Kato, N. 2001. Molecular virology of
hepatitis C virus. Acta Med.Okayama 55:133-159.

Klumpp, K., V. Leveque, S. Le Pogam, H. Ma,
W. R. Jiang, H. Kang, C. Granycome, M. Singer, C. Laxton, J. Q.
Hang, K. Sarma, D. B. Smith, D. Heindl, C. J. Hobbs, J. H.
Merrett, J. Symons, N. Cammack, J. A. Martin, R. Devos, and I.
Najera. 2006. The novel nucleoside analog R1479
(4'-azidocytidine) is a potent inhibitor of NS5B-dependent RNA
synthesis and hepatitis C virus replication in cell culture.
J.Biol.Chem. 281:3793-3799.

Korf, M., D. Jarczak, C. Beger, M. P.
Manns, and M. Kruger. 2005. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus
translation and subgenomic replication by siRNAs directed against
highly conserved HCV sequence and cellular HCV cofactors. J
Hepatol. 43:225-234.

Lai, M. M. and C. F. Ware. 2000. Hepatitis
C virus core protein: possible roles in viral pathogenesis.
Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. 242:117-34.:117-134.

Lam, N. P., A. U. Neumann, D. R. Gretch, T.
E. Wiley, A. S. Perelson, and T. J. Layden. 1997. Dose-dependent
acute clearance of hepatitis C genotype 1 virus with interferon
alfa. Hepatology 26:226-231.

Laporte, J., C. Bain, P. Maurel, G.
Inchauspe, H. Agut, and A. Cahour. 2002. Differential
distribution and internal translation efficiency of hepatitis C
virus quasispecies present in dendritic and liver cells. Blood
..

Large, M. K., D. J. Kittlesen, and Y. S.
Hahn. 1999. Suppression of host immune response by the core
protein of hepatitis C virus: possible implications for hepatitis
C virus persistence. J.Immunol. 162:931-938.

Lauer, G. M., E. Barnes, M. Lucas, J. Timm,
K. Ouchi, A. Y. Kim, C. L. Day, G. K. Robbins, D. R. Casson, M.
Reiser, G. Dusheiko, T. M. Allen, R. T. Chung, B. D. Walker, and
P. Klenerman. 2004. High resolution analysis of cellular immune
responses in resolved and persistent hepatitis C virus infection.
Gastroenterology 127:924-936.

Lechner, F., N. H. Gruener, S. Urbani, J.
Uggeri, T. Santantonio, A. R. Kammer, A. Cerny, R. Phillips, C.
Ferrari, G. R. Pape, and P. Klenerman. 2000. CD8+ T lymphocyte
responses are induced during acute hepatitis C virus infection
but are not sustained. Eur.J.Immunol. 30:2479-2487.

Lee, S. P. 2003. Chronic hepatitis C.
Treatment and side effect management. Adv.Nurse Pract.
11:73-78.

Li, W., D. K. Krishnadas, J. Li, D. L.
Tyrrell, and B. Agrawal. 2006. Induction of primary human T cell
responses against hepatitis C virus-derived antigens NS3 or core
by autologous dendritic cells expressing hepatitis C virus
antigens: potential for vaccine and immunotherapy. J Immunol
176:6065-6075.

Lin, W., S. S. Kim, E. Yeung, Y. Kamegaya,
J. T. Blackard, K. A. Kim, M. J. Holtzman, and R. T. Chung. 2006.
Hepatitis C virus core protein blocks interferon signaling by
interaction with the STAT1 SH2 domain. J Virol
80:9226-9235.

Logvinoff, C., M. E. Major, D. Oldach, S.
Heyward, A. Talal, P. Balfe, S. M. Feinstone, H. Alter, C. M.
Rice, and J. A. McKeating. 2004. Neutralizing antibody response
during acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U S A 101:10149-10154.

Lorenzo, L. J., O. Garcia, N.
Acosta-Rivero, S. Duenas-Carrera, G. Martinez, J.
Alvarez-Obregon, D. Pichardo, A. Ramos, I. Guerra, and J.
Morales. 2000. Expression and immunological
evaluation of the Escherichia coli-derived hepatitis C virus
envelope E1 protein. Biotechnol.Appl.Biochem.
32:137-143.

Major, M. E. and S. M. Feinstone. 2000.
Characterization of hepatitis C virus infectious clones in
chimpanzees: long-term studies. Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol.
242:279-98.:279-298.

Manigold, T., E. C. Shin, E. Mizukoshi, K.
Mihalik, K. K. Murthy, C. M. Rice, C. A. Piccirillo, and B.
Rehermann. 2006. Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cells control
virus-specific memory T cells in chimpanzees that recovered from
hepatitis C. Blood 107:4424-4432.

Marusawa, H., M. Hijikata, T. Chiba, and K.
Shimotohno. 1999. Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits Fas-
and tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated apoptosis via NF-kappaB
activation. J.Virol. 73:4713-4720.

McHutchison, J. G., K. Patel, P. Pockros,
L. Nyberg, S. Pianko, R. Z. Yu, F. A. Dorr, and T. J. Kwoh. 2006.
A phase I trial of an antisense inhibitor of hepatitis C virus
(ISIS 14803), administered to chronic hepatitis C patients. J
Hepatol. 44:88-96.

McHutchison, J. G., M. L. Shiffman, R. C.
Cheung, S. C. Gordon, T. L. Wright, J. C. Pottage, Jr., L.
McNair, E. Ette, S. Moseley, and J. Alam. 2005. A randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-escalation trial of
merimepodib (VX-497) and interferon-alpha in previously untreated
patients with chronic hepatitis C. Antivir.Ther.
10:635-643.

Meyer-Olson, D., N. H. Shoukry, K. W.
Brady, H. Kim, D. P. Olson, K. Hartman, A. K. Shintani, C. M.
Walker, and S. A. Kalams. 2004. Limited T cell receptor diversity
of HCV-specific T cell responses is associated with CTL escape. J
Exp.Med. 200:307-319.

Molinari, M. and A. Helenius. 2000.
Chaperone selection during glycoprotein translocation into the
endoplasmic reticulum. Science 288:331-333.

Moriya, K., H. Fujie, Y. Shintani, H.
Yotsuyanagi, T. Tsutsumi, K. Ishibashi, Y. Matsuura, S. Kimura,
T. Miyamura, and K. Koike. 1998. The core protein of hepatitis C
virus induces hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice.
Nat.Med. 4:1065-1067.

Mullbacher, A. 1994. The long-term
maintenance of cytotoxic T cell memory does not require
persistence of antigen. J Exp.Med. 179:317-321.

Nattermann, J., H. D. Nischalke, G.
Feldmann, G. Ahlenstiel, T. Sauerbruch, and U. Spengler. 2004.
Binding of HCV E2 to CD81 induces RANTES secretion and
internalization of CC chemokine receptor 5. J.Viral Hepat.
11:519-526.

Nattermann, J., H. Zimmermann, A. Iwan, M.
Lilienfeld-Toal, L. Leifeld, H. D. Nischalke, B. Langhans, T.
Sauerbruch, and U. Spengler. 2006. Hepatitis C virus E2 and CD81
interaction may be associated with altered trafficking of
dendritic cells in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology.
44:945-954.

Nelson, D. R., C. G. Marousis, G. L. Davis,
C. M. Rice, J. Wong, M. Houghton, and J. Y. Lau. 1997. The role
of hepatitis C virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in chronic
hepatitis C. J.Immunol. 158:1473-1481.

Nelson, D. R., C. G. Marousis, T. Ohno, G.
L. Davis, and J. Y. Lau. 1998. Intrahepatic hepatitis C
virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and response to
interferon alfa therapy in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology
28:225-230.

Netski, D. M., T. Mosbruger, E. Depla, G.
Maertens, S. C. Ray, R. G. Hamilton, S. Roundtree, D. L. Thomas,
J. McKeating, and A. Cox. 2005. Humoral immune response in acute
hepatitis C virus infection. Clin.Infect.Dis.
41:667-675.

Neumann-Haefelin, C., S. McKiernan, S.
Ward, S. Viazov, H. C. Spangenberg, T. Killinger, T. F. Baumert,
N. Nazarova, I. Sheridan, O. Pybus, F. von Weizsacker, M.
Roggendorf, D. Kelleher, P. Klenerman, H. E. Blum, and R. Thimme.
2006. Dominant influence of an HLA-B27 restricted CD8+ T cell
response in mediating HCV clearance and evolution. Hepatology
43:563-572.

Nevens, F., T. Roskams, H. Van Vlierberghe,
Y. Horsmans, D. Sprengers, A. Elewaut, V. Desmet, G.
Leroux-Roels, E. Quinaux, E. Depla, S. Dincq, S. C. Vander, G.
Maertens, and F. Hulstaert. 2003. A pilot study of therapeutic
vaccination with envelope protein E1 in 35 patients with chronic
hepatitis C. Hepatology 38:1289-1296.

Neville, J. A., L. E. Prescott, V.
Bhattacherjee, N. Adams, I. Pike, B. Rodgers, A. el Zayadi, S.
Hamid, G. M. Dusheiko, A. A. Saeed, G. H. Haydon, and P.
Simmonds. 1997. Antigenic variation of core, NS3, and NS5
proteins among genotypes of hepatitis C virus. J.Clin.Microbiol.
35:3062-3070.

Ojwang, J. O., S. Ali, D. F. Smee, J. D.
Morrey, C. D. Shimasaki, and R. W. Sidwell. 2005. Broad-spectrum
inhibitor of viruses in the Flaviviridae family. Antiviral Res.
68:49-55.

Oliver, J. D., H. L. Roderick, D. H.
Llewellyn, and S. High. 1999. ERp57 functions as a subunit of
specific complexes formed with the ER lectins calreticulin and
calnexin. Mol.Biol.Cell 10:2573-2582.

Pancholi, P., M. Perkus, N. Tricoche, Q.
Liu, and A. M. Prince. 2003. DNA immunization with hepatitis C
virus (HCV) polycistronic genes or immunization by HCV DNA
priming-recombinant canarypox virus boosting induces immune
responses and protection from recombinant HCV-vaccinia virus
infection in HLA-A2.1-transgenic mice. J Virol
77:382-390.

Pham, T. N., S. A. MacParland, P. M.
Mulrooney, H. Cooksley, N. V. Naoumov, and T. I. Michalak. 2004.
Hepatitis C virus persistence after spontaneous or
treatment-induced resolution of hepatitis C. J.Virol.
78:5867-5874.

Pockros, P. J., R. Reindollar, J.
McHutchinson, R. Reddy, T. Wright, D. G. Boyd, and L. B. Wilkes.
2003. The safety and tolerability of daily infergen plus
ribavirin in the treatment of naiive chronic hepatitis C
patients. J Viral Hepat. 10:55-60.

Polakos, N. K., D. Drane, J. Cox, P. Ng, M.
J. Selby, D. Chien, D. T. O'Hagan, M. Houghton, and X. Paliard.
2001. Characterization of hepatitis C virus core-specific immune
responses primed in rhesus macaques by a nonclassical ISCOM
vaccine. J Immunol 166:3589-3598.

Prabhu, R., P. Vittal, Q. Yin, E.
Flemington, R. Garry, W. H. Robichaux, and S. Dash. 2005. Small
interfering RNA effectively inhibits protein expression and
negative strand RNA synthesis from a full-length hepatitis C
virus clone. J Med.Virol 76:511-519.

Prince, A. M., B. Brotman, D. H. Lee, L.
Ren, B. S. Moore, and J. W. Scheffel. 1999. Significance of the
anti-E2 response in self-limited and chronic hepatitis C virus
infections in chimpanzees and in humans. J.Infect.Dis.
180:987-991.

Radkowski, M., J. F. Gallegos-Orozco, J.
Jablonska, T. V. Colby, B. Walewska-Zielecka, J. Kubicka, J.
Wilkinson, D. Adair, J. Rakela, and T. Laskus. 2005. Persistence
of hepatitis C virus in patients successfully treated for chronic
hepatitis C. Hepatology 41:106-114.

Reesink, H. W., S. Zeuzem, C. J. Weegink,
N. Forestier, A. van Vliet, van de Wetering de Rooij, L. McNair,
S. Purdy, R. Kauffman, J. Alam, and P. L. Jansen. 2006. Rapid
decline of viral RNA in hepatitis C patients treated with VX-950:
a phase Ib, placebo-controlled, randomized study.
Gastroenterology 131:997-1002.

Rollier, C., E. Depla, J. A. Drexhage, E.
J. Verschoor, B. E. Verstrepen, A. Fatmi, C. Brinster, A.
Fournillier, J. A. Whelan, M. Whelan, D. Jacobs, G. Maertens, G.
Inchauspe, and J. L. Heeney. 2004. Control of heterologous
hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees is associated with the
quality of vaccine-induced peripheral T-helper immune response. J
Virol 78:187-196.

Rosen, H. R., G. Marousek, and S. Chou.
2002. A longitudinal analysis of T-cell epitope-coding regions of
hepatitis C virus after liver transplantation. Transplantation
74:209-216.

Rossi, G., A. Pelizzari, M. Motta, and M.
Puoti. 2001. Primary prophylaxis with lamivudine of hepatitis B
virus reactivation in chronic HbsAg carriers with lymphoid
malignancies treated with chemotherapy. Br.J Haematol.
115:58-62.

Schulze zur, W. J., G. M. Lauer, C. L. Day,
A. Y. Kim, K. Ouchi, J. E. Duncan, A. G. Wurcel, J. Timm, A. M.
Jones, B. Mothe, T. M. Allen, B. McGovern, L. Lewis-Ximenez, J.
Sidney, A. Sette, R. T. Chung, and B. D. Walker. 2005. Broad
repertoire of the CD4+ Th cell response in spontaneously
controlled hepatitis C virus infection includes dominant and
highly promiscuous epitopes. J Immunol 175:3603-3613.

Shata, M. T., D. D. Anthony, N. L. Carlson,
L. Andrus, B. Brotman, N. Tricoche, P. McCormack, and A. Prince.
2002. Characterization of the immune response against hepatitis C
infection in recovered, and chronically infected chimpanzees. J
Viral Hepat. 9:400-410.

Sobue, S., T. Nomura, T. Ishikawa, S. Ito,
K. Saso, H. Ohara, T. Joh, M. Itoh, and S. Kakumu. 2001. Th1/Th2
cytokine profiles and their relationship to clinical features in
patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
J.Gastroenterol. 36:544-551.

Soguero, C., M. Joo, K. A.
Chianese-Bullock, D. T. Nguyen, K. Tung, and Y. S. Hahn. 2002.
Hepatitis C virus core protein leads to immune suppression and
liver damage in a transgenic murine model. J.Virol.
76:9345-9354.

Song, M. K., S. W. Lee, Y. S. Suh, K. J.
Lee, and Y. C. Sung. 2000. Enhancement of immunoglobulin G2a and
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses by a booster immunization with
recombinant hepatitis C virus E2 protein in E2 DNA-primed mice.
J.Virol. 74:2920-2925.

Spangenberg, H. C., S. Viazov, N. Kersting,
C. Neumann-Haefelin, D. McKinney, M. Roggendorf, F. von
Weizsacker, H. E. Blum, and R. Thimme. 2005. Intrahepatic CD8+
T-cell failure during chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
Hepatology 42:828-837.

Steinmann. 2004. Short-term antiviral
efficacy of BILN 2061, a hepatitis C virus serine protease
inhibitor, in hepatitis C genotype 1 patients. Gastroenterology
127:1347-1355.

Sugimoto, K., D. E. Kaplan, F. Ikeda, J.
Ding, J. Schwartz, F. A. Nunes, H. J. Alter, and K. M. Chang.
2005. Strain-specific T-cell suppression and protective immunity
in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J.Virol.
79:6976-6983.

Takaki, A., M. Wiese, G. Maertens, E.
Depla, U. Seifert, A. Liebetrau, J. L. Miller, M. P. Manns, and
B. Rehermann. 2000. Cellular immune responses persist and humoral
responses decrease two decades after recovery from a
single-source outbreak of hepatitis C. Nat.Med.
6:578-582.

Taura, Y., S. Fujiyama, S. Kawano, S. Sato,
M. Tanaka, M. Goto, H. Chikazawa, J. Shibata, K. Mizuno, and T.
Sato. 1995. Clinical evaluation of titration of hepatitis C virus
core antibody and its subclasses. J.Gastroenterol.Hepatol.
10:270-276.

Taylor, D. R., S. T. Shi, P. R. Romano, G.
N. Barber, and M. M. Lai. 1999. Inhibition of the
interferon-inducible protein kinase PKR by HCV E2 protein.
Science 285:107-110.

Thimme, R., H. C. Spangenberg, F. von
Weizsacker, and H. E. Blum. T cell response to hepatitis B and C:
from viral elimination to hepatocellular carcinoma. 2002.
Dtsch.Med.Wochenschr. 127, pág 2277-2279.

Torre, D., C. Zeroli, M. Giola, G.
Ferrario, G. P. Fiori, G. Bonetta, and R. Tambini.
1994. Serum levels of interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1
beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor in patients with
acute viral hepatitis. Clin.Infect.Dis. 18:194-198.

Tsai, S. L., Y. F. Liaw, M. H. Chen, C. Y.
Huang, and G. C. Kuo. 1997. Detection of type 2-like T-helper
cells in hepatitis C virus infection: implications for hepatitis
C virus chronicity. Hepatology 25:449-458.

Tsai, S. L., Y. M. Chen, M. H. Chen, C. Y.
Huang, I. S. Sheen, C. T. Yeh, J. H. Huang, G. C. Kuo, and Y. F.
Liaw. 1998. Hepatitis C virus variants circumventing cytotoxic T
lymphocyte activity as a mechanism of chronicity.
Gastroenterology 115:954-965.

Ulsenheimer, A., J. T. Gerlach, N. H.
Gruener, M. C. Jung, C. A. Schirren, W. Schraut, R. Zachoval, G.
R. Pape, and H. M. Diepolder. 2003. Detection of functionally
altered hepatitis C virus-specific CD4 T cells in acute and
chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 37:1189-1198.

Veiga-Fernandes, H., U. Walter, C.
Bourgeois, A. McLean, and B. Rocha. 2000. Response of naive and
memory CD8+ T cells to antigen stimulation in vivo. Nat.Immunol
1:47-53.

von Hahn, T., J. C. Yoon, H. Alter, C. M.
Rice, B. Rehermann, P. Balfe, and J. A. McKeating. 2007.
Hepatitis C virus continuously escapes from neutralizing antibody
and T-cell responses during chronic infection in vivo.
Gastroenterology. 132:667-678.

Wang, P., J. Du, S. Rachakonda, B. K. Chun,
P. M. Tharnish, L. J. Stuyver, M. J. Otto, R. F. Schinazi, and K.
A. Watanabe. 2005. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships
of novel anti-hepatitis C agents:
N3,5'-cyclo-4-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-vic-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-one
derivatives. J Med.Chem. 48:6454-6460.

Watashi, K., N. Ishii, M. Hijikata, D.
Inoue, T. Murata, Y. Miyanari, and K. Shimotohno. 2005.
Cyclophilin B is a functional regulator of hepatitis C virus RNA
polymerase. Mol.Cell 19:111-122.

Weiner, A. J., A. L. Erickson, J. Kansopon,
K. Crawford, E. Muchmore, M. Houghton, and C. M. Walker. 1995.
Association of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutations with
persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Princess Takamatsu
Symp. 25:227-35.:227-235.

Widell, A., V. Molnegren, F. Pieksma, M.
Calmann, J. Peterson, and S. R. Lee. 2002. Detection of hepatitis
C core antigen in serum or plasma as a marker of hepatitis C
viraemia in the serological window-phase. Transfus.Med.
12:107-113.

Yi, M., R. A. Villanueva, D. L. Thomas, T.
Wakita, and S. M. Lemon. 2006. Production of infectious genotype
1a hepatitis C virus (Hutchinson strain) in cultured human
hepatoma cells. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A
103:2310-2315.

Yu, H., H. Huang, J. Xiang, L. A. Babiuk,
and van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk. 2006. Dendritic cells pulsed
with hepatitis C virus NS3 protein induce immune responses and
protection from infection with recombinant vaccinia virus
expressing NS3. J Gen.Virol 87:1-10.

Zech, B., A. Kurtenbach, N. Krieger, D.
Strand, S. Blencke, M. Morbitzer, K. Salassidis, M. Cotten, J.
Wissing, S. Obert, R. Bartenschlager, T. Herget, and H. Daub.
2003. Identification and characterization of amphiphysin II as a
novel cellular interaction partner of the hepatitis C virus NS5A
protein. J Gen.Virol 84:555-560.

Zein, N. N., H. Li, and D. H. Persing.
1999. Humoral immunity in acute and chronic hepatitis C
infection. Gastroenterology 117:510.

Zeuzem, S., J. M. Pawlotsky, E.
Lukasiewicz, M. von Wagner, I. Goulis, Y. Lurie, E. Gianfranco,
J. M. Vrolijk, J. I. Esteban, C. Hezode, M. Lagging, F. Negro, A.
Soulier, E. Verheij-Hart, B. Hansen, R. Tal, C. Ferrari, S. W.
Schalm, and A. U. Neumann. 2005. International,
multicenter, randomized, controlled study comparing dynamically
individualized versus standard treatment in patients with chronic
hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 43:250-257.

Zinkernagel, R. M. 2002. On differences
between immunity and immunological memory.
Curr.Opin.Immunol 14:523-536.

Autor:

Lic. Julián Triana
Dopico

Dr.C Gillian Martínez Donato

gillian.martinez[arroba]cigb.edu.cu

Lic. Yalena Amador Cañizarez

.amador[arroba]cigb.edu.cu

Lic. Julián Triana
Dopico

Lugar de nacimiento: Pinar del Río, Cuba.

Estudios realizados: Licenciatura en Bioquímica, Universidad de La
Habana, Facultad de Biología.

Profesión: Profesor-investigador, Universidad de Pinar del
Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca", Facultad de
Forestal y Agronomía, Departamento de Química.

Dr.C Gillian Martínez Donato

Lugar de nacimiento: Ciudad de La Habana,
Cuba.

Estudios realizados: Licenciatura en Bioquímica,
Universidad de La Habana, Facultad de Biología.

Profesión: Investigador auxiliar, Centro de
Ingeniería
Genética y Biotecnología, Departamento de Vacuna
contra el VHC, Ciudad de La Habana.

Lic. Yalena Amador Cañizarez

Lugar de nacimiento: Ciudad de La Habana,
Cuba.

Estudios realizados: Licenciatura en Biología,
Universidad de La Habana, Facultad de Biología.

Profesión: Investigador agregado, Centro de
Ingeniería Genética y
Biotecnología, Departamento de Vacuna contra el VHC,
Ciudad de La Habana.

País, ciudad y fecha correspondiente al trabajo
realizado: Cuba, Pinar del Río, Noviembre 2008.