Monografias.com > Geografía
Descargar Imprimir Comentar Ver trabajos relacionados

Conceptualizing the Caribbean



    Monografias.com
    Main objectives 1. To examine different perspectives used to
    define “The Caribbean” 2. To establish a pertinent
    framework to define the Caribbean for International Relations
    experts in the context of globalization

    Monografias.com
    Question for debate What is the Caribbean? ?
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0UtUmzxI0I Speakers: Neville
    Duncan, Ken Post, Angel Quintero-Rivera, Eric Wolf

    Monografias.com
    Defining the Caribbean IDENTITY

    Monografias.com
    The Caribbean identity easily seen by: • Geographic
    proximity and sharing of a common water resource (Caribbean Sea)
    • Perceived cultural and anthropological affinities such as
    food, music… (local music is identified with the beat of
    Afroantillean drums and beats, but there are different rhythms)
    • Christian religions incorporate animistic and polytheistic
    traits from the African Diaspora and indigenous populations, but
    Santería is not equivalent to Voodoo • Food is
    prepared from similar ingredients, but all are articulated in
    different ways across countries and across language-defined
    regions

    Monografias.com
    What is the Caribbean?
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0UtUmzxI0I Speakers: Neville
    Duncan, Ken Post, Angel Quintero-Rivera, Eric Wolf

    Monografias.com
    • • Caribbean Basin • • Defining the
    Caribbean: Geographic proximity • Antilles: from the
    mythical Antilia, the island of the seven cities linked to the
    myth or legend of Atlantis West Indies: Columbus mistaken
    Caribbean Sea Caribbean, to originate Wider /Greater Caribbean
    with the Caribs, the indigenous population that most fiercely
    resisted European colonization Geopolitics (from Colonial World
    to post WWII)

    Monografias.com
    Defining the Caribbean: Colonial history and plantation
    territories 1. It was colonized by European nations 2.
    Importation of working force: Europe, Africa and Asia 3.
    Extermination of native population The Caribbean is a case for
    which mestizaje is not an accident but rather the essence, the
    central line.

    Monografias.com
    The Americas: a culture of descendants Simón
    Bolívar, Message to the Congress of Angostura (1819)

    Monografias.com
    Social Structure • Rigid • Stratified • Organized
    by the racialization of the social relations • Signed by
    slavery • Abolition in the Caribbean 1. Haiti (1804) 2.
    English colonies (1833) 3. Dominican Republic (1844) 4. French
    colonies (1848) 5. Dutch colonies (1863) 6. Puerto Rico (1873) 7.
    Cuba (1886)

    Monografias.com
    Defining a Caribbean Identity Shared History ? Ethnography ?
    Demography ? Plantation economy ? Slavery experience Caribbean,
    from the Caribes Indigenous population exterminated; new blend
    with Europeans, Africans and Asian components; specific
    socioeconomic organization Own Cultural Expressions

    Monografias.com
    Defining the Caribbean: Denominations (Andrés
    Serbín) ?English ?French ?Spanish Plus intraregional
    differences stemming from the local languages, pidgins, Creole
    and Papiamento ?Dutch Linguistic-Colonial Heritage

    Monografias.com
    Defining the Caribbean: Denominations (Charles Wagley)
    Euro-America Indo-America America of Plantation (Central
    Afro-America) Cultural-Historical

    Monografias.com
    ? Beyond differences, there are main common experiences
    Plantation colonies Insular/Smaller condition Which are the
    limits?

    Monografias.com
    Different perspectives • Eric Williams: From Columbus to
    Castro: History of the Caribbean, 1492-1970 • Juan Bosch, De
    Cristóbal Colón a Fidel Castro: El Caribe, frontera
    imperial

    Monografias.com

    Monografias.com

    Monografias.com
    Question for debate An insular or continental Caribbean? ?

    Monografias.com
    Differences between island and continental territories •
    Many of the continental countries that border the rim of the
    Caribbean Basin define their identities not as Caribbean but as
    Andean (Venezuela and Colombia), Central American (Costa Rica,
    Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua) or North American
    (Mexico). Latin- American countries. • For these countries
    the Caribbean is but a sub region, often marginalized. •
    Territorial disputes such as Venezuela’s claims over the
    Essequibo region of Guyana, and Guatemala’s claims on
    Belize (Latin American countries and CARICOM, English speaking
    countries)

    Monografias.com
    Guatemala’s claims on Belize
    http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/materias/geografia/cartograf%C3%
    ADa/conflictos-territoriales-actuales

    Monografias.com
    Venezuela’s claims over the Essequibo region
    http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadeta
    reas/materias/geografia/cartograf%C3%ADa/conflic
    tos-territoriales-actuales

    Monografias.com
    Defining a Caribbean Identity Economic exchange The creation of
    Regional Economic Communities After WWII development and
    reconstruction economics advocated the creation of regional
    economic communities as a means of taking advantages of economies
    of scales and complementarities to further economic
    reconstruction and development (Pantojas, 2008).

    Monografias.com
    • At the economic level, the Caribbean continues divided by
    economic competition and political rivalries (no economies of
    scales nor complementarities) • Economically, the Caribbean
    includes oil producing countries (Trinidad and Tobago,
    Venezuela); industrialized economies (Jamaica, Puerto Rico,
    Dominican Republic); international service centers focused around
    tourism and offshore banking (The Bahamas, Cayman Islands).
    • Similarity of the Caribbean Basin economies: tourism,
    agriculture and assembly manufacturing for export (maquiladoras)
    are axes of the region’s economies

    Monografias.com
    Regional integration schemes • 1968: Caribbean Free Trade
    Association • 1973: Caribbean Economic Community (CARICOM)
    • 1994: Association of Caribbean States (ACS)

    Monografias.com
    http://mundinews.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Caricom44.jpg

    Monografias.com
    In the Caribbean Culture, geography and history produce a clearly
    identifiable regional complex But at the political and economic
    levels heterogeneity prevails over synthesis

    Monografias.com
    • Politically the Caribbean is made up of independent
    countries, non independent territories and regions or provinces
    of independent countries. • Some countries are republics
    (Santo Domingo), other are Westminster style democracies, while
    other are socialist states (Cuba).

    Monografias.com
    There are still ethnic and xenophobic prejudices •
    Dominicans refer to Haitians as “blacks” (negros),
    while the lighter-skin black Dominicans are referred to as
    Indians. • Puerto Ricans refer to migrants or visitors from
    the Eastern Caribbean as “those people from the
    islands” (los de las islas). • History of mistrust
    among “West Indians” and “East Indians”
    (people of Indian descent) within the English speaking
    Caribbean.

    Monografias.com
    The Caribbean was defined (in the 20st century) by: New
    Geopolitical circumstances • The irruption of USA in the
    area as an imperial power in 1898 -Cuba and Puerto Rico- (Antonio
    Gaztambide- Geigel) Intellectual construction • Its many
    dimensions: language, culture, racial mix, migration, geography,
    colonialism, plantation economy (plural, multiethnic, hybrids
    societies) • Cultural affinities at the popular level have
    advanced by increased interisland migration, regional tourism and
    TICS.

    Monografias.com
    Defining the Caribbean, nowadays, is usually linked to a very
    specific goal Pushing forward REGIONAL INTEGRATION Forging a
    shared Caribbean identity is, or may be, a necessary precondition
    to articulate a political project of regional integration
    (Pantojas, 2008).

    Monografias.com
    Newer approaches towards regional integration through regional
    identity • Institutional • Social/Individual
    subjectivity • Cultural production Regional sciences focused
    on geography and economic, demographic, political and
    institutional linkages and interactions in defining the makeup of
    a region (Pantojas, 2008).

    Monografias.com
    Variables are rethought and mixed GEOGRAPHY + POLITICS
    ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES + SIZE CULTURE + ECONOMY

    Monografias.com
    Understanding the Caribbean: Institutions Norman Girvan,
    “Reinterpretar al Caribe”, Revista Mexicana del
    Caribe, No 7, 2000

    Monografias.com

    Monografias.com
    New regional organizations • PETROCARIBE • CELAC •
    ALBA – TCP • SIDS (Group of 77) Latin American
    presence Developing Countries/ Third World Presence

    Monografias.com
    Intuition? Emotions? • The Caribbean is an emotional
    federation (Derek Walcott) • Caribe: es el único
    mundo en que no me siento extranjero y donde pienso mejor
    (Gabriel García Márquez)

    Monografias.com
    Defining the Caribbean DIVERSITY Multiple Identities Its
    DIVERSITY (fragmentation / balkanization /insular condition/
    diaspora)

    Monografias.com
    The “analogous differences” • There is not an
    identifiable single homogeneous Caribbean identity. Rather, there
    are shared regional customs, practices and beliefs characterized
    by “analogous differences”. • The concepts of
    Caribbean and “caribeñidad” (Caribbeanness)
    are problematic (Antonio Benítez Rojo). • Within
    distinct and conscious national and or sub regional identities,
    there is a shared experience that can be said to be the basis of
    a Caribbean identity.

    Monografias.com
    Is there a Caribbean? Frank Moya Pons establishes that the
    Caribbean only exists for three kind of people: 1. Sales managers
    2. Politicians 3. Academicians Frank Moya Pons. Historia del
    Caribe: azúcar y plantaciones en el mundo
    atlántico. Santo Domingo, Editora Búho, 2008

    Monografias.com
    Looking for a definition will allow to have an analytical unit:
    politics, scholars, economists, citizens, common people…
    How to do it?

    Monografias.com
    Its destiny Past: Boundaries of empires (history) “El
    Caribe está entre los lugares de la tierra que han sido
    destinados por su posición geográfica y su
    naturaleza privilegiada para ser fronteras de dos o más
    imperios. Este destino lo ha hecho objeto de la codicia de los
    poderes más grandes de occidente y teatro de la violencia
    desatada entre “The Caribbean is among the places on earth
    that have been intended by its geographical position and its
    privileged nature to be boundaries of two or more empires. This
    destination has made it subject to the greed of the greatest
    powers of the West and theatre of the violence between
    them.” ellos”. Juan Bosch. De Cristóbal
    Colón a Fidel Castro. El Caribe frontera imperial. Casa de
    las Américas, La Habana, 1981.

    Monografias.com
    Its destiny Future: A community of diverse peoples (political
    will) “(1) Reiteramos que la unidad y la integración
    de nuestra región debe construirse gradualmente, con
    flexibilidad, con respeto al pluralismo, a la diversidad y al
    derecho soberano de cada uno de nuestros pueblos para escoger su
    forma de organización política y económica.
    (4) Subrayamos nuestro propósito de continuar avanzando
    unidos en la concertación y la integración
    latinoamericana y caribeña, y la consolidación de
    nuestra Comunidad, conforme los ideales y sueños de
    nuestros libertadores y próceres.” “(1)
    Reiterate that the unity and integration of our region must be
    built gradually, with flexibility, with respect for pluralism and
    the sovereign right of each of our peoples to choose their own
    political and economic system. (4) Stress our purpose to continue
    working together for Latin American and Caribbean integration and
    coordination as well as for the consolidation of our Community in
    keeping with the ideals and dreams of our liberators and founding
    fathers.” Declaración II CUMBRE DE LA CELAC, 28 y 29
    de enero de 2014, La Habana.
    http://celac.cubaminrex.cu/sites/default/files/ficheros/havana_declaration_celac.pdf

    Monografias.com
    Drugs traffic Climate change Solving the common problems Open
    economies Migration

    Monografias.com
    The “certain kind of way” (Antonio Benítez
    Rojo) “Fue una hermosísima tarde de octubre, hace
    años (…) parecía inminente (…) la
    catástrofe nuclear (…) dos negras viejas pasaron
    ‘de cierta manera’. Sólo diré que
    había un polvillo dorado y antiguo entre sus piernas
    nudosas, un olor a albahaca y hierbabuena en sus vestidos, una
    sabiduría simbólica, un ritual en sus gestos y en
    su chachareo. Entonces supe de golpe que no ocurriría el
    apocalipsis.” “It was a stunning October afternoon,
    years ago (…) nuclear catastrophe seemed imminent
    (…) two old women passed ‘in a certain kind of
    way’; I will say only that there was a kind of ancient and
    golden powder between their gnarled legs, a scent of basil and
    mint in their dress, a symbolic, ritual wisdom in their gesture
    and their gay chatter. I knew then at once that there would be no
    apocalypse.” Antonio Benítez Rojo. The Repeating
    Island. Duke University Press, 1996 (2006)

    Monografias.com
    Question for debate How to conceptualize the Caribbean from an
    International Relations’ perspective? ?

    Monografias.com
    Concluding… • The Caribbean understanding, its
    definition, is a ground of permanent construction and
    confrontation. • Definitions will depend on backgrounds,
    purposes, theoretical frameworks (History, Geography, Politics,
    Geopolitics, Anthropology, Cultural Studies) • Its
    conceptualization will respond to the efforts of understanding
    internal process as well as the external influences and its
    impacts on the region. • In the economic and political
    sense, the Caribbean does not constitute an integrated complex.
    • Nowadays definitions need to consider the integration
    schemes and international organizations' visions, as well as the
    growing importance of Caribbean diaspora.

    Monografias.com
    Core readings • Eric Williams: From Columbus to Castro:
    History of the Caribbean, 1492-1970 • Juan Bosch, De
    Cristóbal Colón a Fidel Castro: El Caribe, frontera
    imperial

    Monografias.com
    Globalization and its impacts in the Caribbean

    Monografias.com
    After WWII and before neoliberal globalization

    Monografias.com
    After WWII and before neoliberal globalization

    Monografias.com
    Question for debate What major changes can be recognized in the
    Caribbean as a result of the current phase of globalization?
    ?

    Monografias.com
    Bibliography in Spanish 4. Norman Girvan, “Reinterpretar al
    Caribe”, Revista Mexicana del Caribe, Nº 7, 2000 5.
    Joaquín Santana Castillo, “Repensando el Caribe:
    Valoraciones sobre el Gran Caribe Hispano”, in El Caribe a
    los cincuenta años de la Revolución Cubana, Havana:
    Ciencias Sociales, 2011 6. Milagros Martínez Reinosa and
    Félix Valdés García, “¿De
    qué Caribe hablamos?”, in El Gran Caribe en el Siglo
    XXI : crisis y respuestas, Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2013 7. Antonio
    Gaztambide-Geigel, “La invención del Caribe a partir
    de 1898”, in Tierra Firme, Caracas, Año 21 – Volumen
    XXI, Nº 82, April-June, 2003 8. Johanna Von Grafenstein
    Gareis, “El Caribe como región: un acercamiento
    historiográfico, en América Latina y el
    Caribe” in Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos
    Nº 21, January-June, 1995

    Nota al lector: es posible que esta página no contenga todos los componentes del trabajo original (pies de página, avanzadas formulas matemáticas, esquemas o tablas complejas, etc.). Recuerde que para ver el trabajo en su versión original completa, puede descargarlo desde el menú superior.

    Todos los documentos disponibles en este sitio expresan los puntos de vista de sus respectivos autores y no de Monografias.com. El objetivo de Monografias.com es poner el conocimiento a disposición de toda su comunidad. Queda bajo la responsabilidad de cada lector el eventual uso que se le de a esta información. Asimismo, es obligatoria la cita del autor del contenido y de Monografias.com como fuentes de información.

    Categorias
    Newsletter